Roman Aqueducts :: essays research papers

Ancient Rome had eleven major aqueducts, built between 312 B.C. (Aqua Appia) and 226 A.D. (Aqua Alexandria); the longest (Anio Novus) was 59 miles long. It has been calculated that in imperial times, when the city's population was well over a million, the distribution system was able to provide over one cubic meter of water per day for each inhabitant: more than we use nowadays. For most of their length the early aqueducts were simply channels bored through the rock, from the water intake in the hills almost to the distribution cistern in Rome. The depth of the channel below ground varied so as to maintain a constant, very shallow gradient (less than 1/200) throughout the length of the aqueduct; vertical shafts were bored at intervals to provide ventilation and access. Only in the final stretches was the conduit raised on arches, to give a sufficient head for distribution of the water within the city. In order to keep the gradient constant, the aqueducts took a roundabout route, fol lowing the contours of the land and heading along spurs which led towards Rome. The most dramatic parts of a Roman aqueduct were—and still are—the bridges (also known as arcades) that carried the water over low spots in the terrain. Perhaps the best-known of these is the Pont du Gard, a part of the aqueduct that served the town in Nà ®mes in Gaul (today's France). The bridge stands on three tiers of arches and has a length of 274 m (900 ft). Built without the use of mortar, it stands 49 m (160 ft) above the Bornà ¨gre Ravine. Another famous Roman aqueduct is the one in Segovia, Spain; it still carries water, although it did need restoration in the 15th century. s time went on, Roman engineers became more daring in the construction of high arches to support the conduits across valleys and plains and some of the later aqueducts were as much as 27 meters (about 100 feet) above ground level in places. Closed pipes were occasionally used to cross valleys by the "inve rted syphon" method: the pressure forced the water down and up again on the other side, to a level slightly lower than before. But this system was costly, as it required lead pipes (lead had to be imported from Spain or Great Britain) and it was difficult to make joints strong enough to withstand the pressure; so arches were far more common.

Parents Influenced on Their Children

influenced of parents to their children Parental Influences on Personality: A Comparison of Trait and Phenomenological Theories Stu Dent SS# 123-45-6789 Psych 210: Theories of Personality Dr. Cervone — Fall, 2001 Parental Influences on Personality: A Comparison of Trait and Phenomenological Theories A seemingly obvious fact about human nature is that our personality is influenced by our parents. Intuitively, it seems as if the way our parents raise us exerts an enduring influence on the nature of our personality.By teaching certain types of behavior and by punishing actions of which they disapprove, parents may significantly influence the behavioral and emotional styles of their children. This intuition, however, contrasts with a second one. Common knowledge tells us that siblings often differ greatly from one another. One brother may be outgoing, the other shy. One sister may be conservative, the other liberal. Since siblings have the same parents, and parents tend to treat t heir children similarly, such examples seem to suggest that parents’ style of child rearing might make little difference to the personality of their children.The question of parental influences on personality, then, is an interesting puzzle for scientific theory and research in personality psychology. Theories of personality have taken different viewpoints on the question of parental influences on personality. This paper addresses two theories that present contrasting views. These are the trait and phenomenological theories of personality. In the trait theories, the basic variables of the theory are people’s traits, that is, their â€Å"broad predispositions . . . to respond in particular ways† (Pervin & John, 2001, p. 26). Most trait theories try to identify a common set of traits that can be used to describe the personality of any individual. These â€Å"nomothetic† trait theories rely on the statistical procedure of factor analysis to identify dimensio ns that can be used summarize individual differences in personality traits. Researchers using this technique commonly identify a set of five trait dimensions. These Big Five personality traits include extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience (Pervin & John, 2001).Once one identifies a set of basic traits in this manner, a primary question is to identify where the traits come from. Why do some people have more or less of a given trait than others? Almost all trait theorists have sought biological explanations for variations in traits. People are seen to inherit a given level of a trait in the same way that they might inherit hair color or height. This viewpoint is consistent with findings on genetics and personality, which indicate that identical twins’ personalities are far more similar than would be expected by chance (Pervin & John, 2001).The trait theories, then, have an interesting implication for the question of parental inf luences on personality. If personality is defined in terms of personality traits, and if traits are thought to be inherited, then parental styles of child rearing would appear to have little influence on children’s personality. The only influence parents would have on their children’s personality is a biological one. They pass their genes on to their children. According to the trait theories, parents interpersonal interactions with their children would exert little effect on the child’s personality development.A very different view is put forth by proponents of phenomenological theories of personality. The primary focus of the phenomenological theories is the individual’s subjective experience of their world, that is, their phenomenological experience (Pervin & John, 2001). In particular, people’s subjective experience of themselves, or their self-concept, is seen as the core of individuals’ personalities. Among the most prominent of the phe nomenological theories of personality is the self theory of Carl Rogers (Pervin & John, 2001).Rogers contended that people’s psychological experiences are not determined by objective events in the world, but by their subjective interpretations of these events. These interpretations, in turn, are heavily influenced by a person’s self concept. Specifically, people may experience psychological distress when they cannot integrate their daily experiences with their sense of who they really are, as might be manifested by a person’s saying that â€Å"I just haven’t been acting like myself lately. † Alternatively, a person might feel guilty or depressed if their ctions do not meet their â€Å"ideal self,† that is, the person’s subjective sense of what they ideally should be like; in such circumstances, a person might report that â€Å"I’m disappointed with myself. † People’s self-views, then, are a primary determinant of their overall experiences. With regard to the question of parental influences, Rogers’ phenomenological theory has a very different implication than that deriving from trait theory. According to Rogers, self concept, like other aspects of phenomenological experience, is not inherited but instead develops gradually as people interact with the world and the other people around them.Rogers suggests that people develop a positive self-concept if they experience â€Å"unconditional positive regard,† that is, if people consistently respect and accept them for who they really are. People who experience unconditional positive regard, then, should have a positive view of self that enables them to approach daily activities in an open-minded, psychologically flexible and creative manner. In contrast, less positive personality development occurs if people experience â€Å"conditions of worth,† that is, if other people establish criteria, or conditions, for what is valued be havior.Such individuals may experience a more negative view of self that leads them to approach life activities in a more cautious, tentative, self-critical, and unconfident style. Since parents are generally the major source of influence in the early years of child development, the extent to which parents display unconditional positive regard to their children, as opposed to imposing conditions of worth, should influence long-term personality development. A primary question, then, is how one might be able to test these theories one against the other.Since personality theorists are attempting to development conceptions of human nature that can be evaluated by objective empirical evidence, it should be possible to marshal scientific evidence that bears on the relative merits of the two theories. For the question of parental influences on personality, one key source of evidence would be longitudinal studies, that is, studies that examine the same individuals across a long period of ti me. Ideally, such work would measure aspects of child rearing early in life and determine whether they predict personality characteristics as measured later in life.Such a study has been conducted by Harrington, Block, & Block (1987). They studied a large group of people at two points in time: early childhood and adolescence. During early childhood, the researchers obtained measures of the degree to which each child’s parents exhibited a â€Å"Rogerian† style of child rearing, that is, a style in which few conditions of worth were imposed on children and, instead, children were accepted for who they are and were allowed to explore the world freely. There were two such measures.One was a self-report of parents’ child-rearing styles, and the other was an observational measure in which researchers observed parents interacting with their children and coded whether the parents acted in a prototypic Rogerian manner. They two measures were combined into an overall inde x of Rogerian child rearing. In adolescence, the researchers obtained a measure of creativity. Teachers were asked to rate the degree to which the research participants, who were their students, approached tasks in an open-minded, creative manner.Since the researchers had measures on the same individuals at two points in time, they were able to determine the degree to which the childhood measure of parenting style predicted the adolescent measure of creativity. The finding strongly supported Rogers’ theory of personality development (Harrington et al. , 1987). Just as Rogers would have predicted, children whose parents treated them in a Rogerian style turned out to be adolescents who were judged as being more creative. Child rearing style was a statistically significant predictor of creativity.Importantly, this was true even when the researchers controlled for a measure of intelligence that also was obtained during childhood. It is not merely the case that intelligent childre n were treated in a Rogerian style and also were creative. Instead, even controlling for intelligence, parental child rearing predicted creativity. In evaluating the two theories, the results clearly support Rogers’ phenomenological perspective, as noted above. Children’s experiences of alternative parenting styles seem to have influenced a significant aspect of their personality and to have done to in exactly the manner Rogers would have anticipated.In contrast, the results conflict with the trait theory position that personality characteristics are largely inherited and that aspects of the environment that are shared by multiple siblings, such as parental child rearing style, exert little influence on personality characteristics later in life. Since the work of Harrington et al. (1987) was conducted a number of years ago, one might ask how trait theorists, in light of these results, could maintain their view that parental styles of child rearing exert little influenc e on personality. The results would seem to provide objective evidence against their theories.One possibility is that trait theories are focusing only on specific, narrow aspects of human personality, and that parental child rearing styles exert an influence on other aspects of personality that trait theorists have overlooked. Recall that, as described above, the core variables of trait theory are people’s average tendencies to exhibit general styles of emotion or behavior. It is noteworthy that none of these personality trait variables addresses people’s self-concept. Although trait theorists surely do recognize that people have self-concepts, they seem to have eliminated the notion of self-concept from the core of personality.Self-concept is not a â€Å"personality structure† in their view. This seems hard to defend, since people’s views of themselves are such a central feature of psychological experience. By focusing on overt styles of behavior, rather than the inner psychological life of the individual, including his or her views of self, trait theories may be missing an important aspect of human nature. The development of a stable conception of oneself and one’s personal qualities is a critical feature of personality, and it may be one that is shaped to a large degree by interactions between children and their parents. References Harrington, D. , Block, J. H. & Block. J. (1987). Testing aspects of Carl Rogers’ theory of creative environments: Child-rearing antecedents of creative potential in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 851-856. Pervin, L. A. , & John, O. P. (2001). Personality: Theory and research (8th ed. ). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Notes (Your paper would not have these notes; these notes merely are intended for members of the class. They correspond to the circled numbers in the margins of the text. ) 1. This was a rare instance in which I wanted to quote directly fr om another source, in order to get the precisely correct definition on the term.To indicate that the material is taken directly from the textbook, I put the passage in quotation marks and included the page number in the book that contains the original material (p. 226). Note that you have to take these two steps even if you take only a few words from the other source. Even though it was only 7 words, Pervin and John wrote those words, not me, so they have to be in quotes. Otherwise, the material would be plagiarized. Any material that comes from another source and that appears in your paper has to be in quotation marks, and you must include the page number on the book or journal that contains the original material.In general, you should have very few passages of directly quoted material. The words in your paper should be yours, not somebody else’s. 2. This paragraph is a useful one for this paper assignment. Perhaps the most difficult part of the assignment is to figure out h ow specific, concrete research findings relate to the general, abstract ideas of the personality theories. You should make clear to the reader how the study that you review relates to the two theories. 3. When writing the paper, you should provide some information about the type of study your are reviewing, as in this paragraph, and then should review the results.

Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 960 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Psychology Essay Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Both children and adolescents occasionally experience the anxiety that accompanies stressful events. Alarmingly, it isnt uncommon that many children and teens in the US are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders and co-occurring disorders like depression and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) have a dramatic effect on a childs quality of life. Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common types of anxiety disorders, and unfortunately, it affects a large portion of the pediatric population. Children with a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are described as having uncontrollable feelings of fear that are overwhelming and excessive in nature. These children persistently worry about before, during, and after a daily activity has happened. Generalized anxiety disorder is estimated to affect 15% of children in the US with an age of onset of 8.5 years. The exact cause of pediatric GAD is unclear and disputed among many professionals; however, its widely believed that there are both biological and environmental etiologies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder" essay for you Create order For example, parents with pre-existing anxiety may transfer the same affliction to their children genetically. Alternatively, children who are being raised by overprotective parents attempting to reduce anxious behaviors are at-risk of manifesting GAD. Children and adolescents will report private events like physical pains that include: heart palpitations, muscle tension, stomach aches, and headaches. Some notable overt behavioral manifestations include insomnia, latching onto family members, and a severe lack of attention. Covert behaviors are marked by feelings of nervousness, fatigue, stress, and restlessness. Involuntary actions such as sweating, hyperventilation, increased heart rate, and trembling are commonly observed symptoms. Surprisingly, children with isolated GAD do not typically produce anxious behaviors when conversing, and they can maintain normal conversation with their peers. There are skills that are slightly impacted, but these issues are not significantly problematic when it comes to a childs communication repertoire. Children with GAD have problems with assertiveness, give minimal eye contact with partners, interject with fewer comments, and ask fewer questions during conversation. In addition, children with GAD have smaller groups of friends, yet they are still preferred over children with other anxiety disorders, especially those with social phobia (SP). Although GAD does not have a profound effect on communication by itself, social skills are greatly impaired when other disorders are present. For example, in children with ASD and comorbid GAD: the social use of language is weakened; thus, maintaining conversation is difficult. Retrieval of verbal cues is also disrupted because of increased anxiety which ultimately leads to communication breakdown. As for the behavioral dimension of GAD, we unfortunately see more problem behaviors associated with this disorder. Parents often report their children avoiding their responsibilities by complaining too much. Clinicians will find that these patients will worry excessively about themselves and their family members, and sometimes think a natural disaster will threaten their safety. A prominent avoidance behavior involves avoiding going to school because they worry about their performance in school and other extracurricular activities; these kids strive for perfection which results in low self-esteem. Despite having relatively small social difficulties, children and teens with GAD can have strained relationships with family and friends because they unrealistically seek constant reassurance from them. Finally, they may exhibit an aggressive temper or act downtrodden when they receive critique that appears to be harsh from teachers or parents. Treatment interventions for GAD can vary depending on a childs personality, their level of development, and familial background. Positive reinforcement would be the most effective therapy option for clinicians treating pediatric GAD. Depression, social anxiety disorder/social phobia (SP), and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) are common comorbid disorders which can have a detrimental effect on a childs self-esteem and self-image. Negative reinforcement could potentially have a negative effect on a childs well-being and may trigger an anxiety attack. This is especially true if the stimulus is something especially unpleasant like a buzzer or a siren, which may lead the child to believe they are in imminent danger. Clinicians should consider using positive reinforcers like candles (olfactory), music (auditory), and coloring books (tangible) that will allow the child to alleviate stress and provide a relaxing atmosphere while they work on their goal for the day. An intermittent reinforce ment schedule would be the most effective reinforcement schedule for children with GAD since these children are usually beyond the phase of acquisition; therefore, no continuous reinforcement schedule is necessary. A ratio schedule of reinforcement is the most suitable since it will lend no element of surprise to the child. The child knows theyll be reinforced after they accurately perform the correct number of responses; nevertheless, its best to start with a fixed schedule and then fade into a variable one. Starting with a variable schedule when first treating a child could increase a childs paranoia; thus, rendering therapy obsolete. A task analysis is another potential intervention for children with GAD. Anxiety is marked by increased stress, and these patients will need to learn how to cope with exasperating situations. Clinicians can perform an empirical task analysis by modeling activities like meditating, yoga, and exercise. A rational task analysis which involves asking a therapist is another option for treating GAD. Therapists may recommend combining cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with medication most notably, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder affects many teens and children in the United States, and it unfortunately goes under-recognized because many clinicians assume that worrying is a normative part of childhood development. Although, communication is not severely impaired, behavioral symptoms are significantly profound and recognizable. It is important that we lend our attentions to these children as this disorder can worsen over time. Offering the child or teen a relaxing atmosphere and combining different strategies can help with treatment. A cohesive collaboration between a team of professionals can drastically help and make way for successful outcomes.

Man s Inhumanity Of Man - 2301 Words

Humans face good and evil on a daily basis but cannot conclude who belongs to each category unless we observe an action to judge them off of. The dictionary definition for inhumanity means â€Å"extremely cruel or brutal behavior† (â€Å"inhumanity† Oxford Dictionary). While humanity means â€Å"the human race; humans being collectively† (â€Å"humanity† Oxford Dictionary). In the world we live in today, the rightful thing to do is to be humane to one another. As we all know, one of the most inhumane events in history was the Holocaust. Close to six million Jewish men and women lost their lives because of the German Nazi regime. Many innocent lives were lost including one and a half million children. Throughout the film, man’s inhumanity to man is shown†¦show more content†¦The black and white enforces the man’s inhumanity to another man because if the film were in color, the message of brutality would not be as effective. Shortly af ter the candlelight scene, the movie portrays a part where all the Jews are demanded to register their families and relocate to another city, also known as Krakow. To force someone out of one’s home is not only cruel but an act of injustice. The Nazi soldiers forced the families to gather their valuables, clothes, photographs, and anything else they wished to bring. Unfortunately, the Jews were deceived because their belongings did not make it to their new located city. Sadly, all of the Jews belongings were taken out of the bags and burned. All the valuables were kept by the Nazi regime and the Jews had no say in this horrific act. Another scene that shows the concept of man’s inhumanity to man is when a group of Nazi soldiers had one Jewish man surrounded. The poor Jewish man was tossed around and made fun of. The worst part about this scene was that the Nazi soldiers even cut off the Jewish man’s payot. A payot was the side curls that most young men and boys kept. It signified their culture and was followed in the Orthodox Jewish community. If a poor Jewish man was keeping his payot to show pride for his religion, it is no man’s right cut the payot and insult him in that manner. After this malice act by the Nazi men, the Jewish man had no say in it, but had to stand there in

Julius Caesars Responsibility for His Own Death in...

Julius Caesars Responsibility for His Own Death in William Shakespeares Play William Shakespeares Julius Caesar is a tale of a very ambitious roman who is betrayed by his nearest and dearest, not to mention most trusted, friends. Caesar, a famous military general had great hopes of one day becoming sole ruler of Rome,- but was prevented from doing so by his own death . Caesar was a great man,- brave and noble,- having all the virtues of a hero,- but most terrible in his ambitiousness. Ultimately,- it is his great ambition that leads to his downfall. Caesars death was a most tragic event indeed, for he would have made a great roman monarch. However, there were many unheeded warnings and†¦show more content†¦Calpurnia feels sure that these astonishing but bizarre events are all warnings or omens of some kind. She fears that her husband is in great danger and begs him to stay home that day,- but Caesar pays no heed to her pleas. He feels that these warnings are not directed at him specifically. =========================================================== =========== A servant informs them that a calf, which had been cut open for a sacrifice, was found to have no heart. This worries Calpurnia even more, but Caesar, so foolish in his arrogance, claims to be unafraid. He says that he is not afraid because he is not a coward,- he feels that if he were to stay at home in fear of these things, he would be a beast without a heart. He says that he is not afraid of danger because he is brave and courageous, and claims to be more terrible and powerful than danger itself. In this way, Caesar lets his common sense be consumed by his arrogance and overconfidence. ======================================================================= Calpurnia has a strange vision or nightmare in which she sees the statue of Caesar spout blood like a fountain, around which many smiling lusty Romans crowded to bathe their hands in his blood. This convinced Calpurnia further of the danger Caesar was in and she pleaded with him to stay at home. At first Caesar agrees,- but then DeciusShow MoreRelatedEssay on Power of Jealousy in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar963 Words   |  4 PagesPower of Jealousy in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Brutus, the noblest Roman of them all (Julius Caesar,5.5.68) is the only innocent conspirator, according to Marcus Antonius. This tragedy presents the epitome of jealousy, along with envy, greed, and avarice. It is a true story based on Plutarchs Life of Julius Caesar. 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Euthanasia Healthcare Sectors

Question: Discuss about the Euthanasiafor Healthcare Sectors. Answer: Euthanasia is mainly defined as the concept that includes the killing of an individual in order to relive her from the pain or the chronic illness from which the patient is suffering. This concept is not accepted by a large number of nations but there are some other nations like Netherlands, Belgium and others who have legalized it. In most of the nation, where Euthanasia is not legalized, there have been evidences that most of the healthcare professionals face ethical dilemma when cases of euthanasia arises in their practice. The statement provided by the author should be supported by the government and hence the healthcare sectors. The life of an individual depends entirely upon the persons own rights and therefore he holds the extreme position of himself to decide what he wants to do with his life. Medical science and its advancements in the field of healthcare often holds their victory above the wishes of patients and cannot accept the fact that chronic disorder which has different alternative methods to be treated are rejected by novice patients who are unaware of the inventions (Gammondi et al., 2014). They believe that the concept of euthanasia is undermining their success or they believe that the patients are not being able to emphasize the vastness and the strength of medical science. However, present medical science is not considering the very basis of healthcare service which is providing a quality life to patient and achieves patient satisfaction. The primary aim of healthcare professional is t o satisfy the patient needs and provide care to her in a way that would benefit her and make her life beautiful. Maintaining the autonomy and dignity of the patient is an important principle that needs to be followed by every healthcare professional (Subba et al., 2016). It is extremely important for the healthcare staff to respect the patient and fulfill his wishes and demands. A person who had reached a stage of life where he is unable to take the pain of a long term disease and is unable to maintain an independent better quality life should be given enough chance to decide on behalf of himself what he wants to do with his life. This comes within the fundamental rights of a citizen to decide about his own life that does not involve any harm to anyone elses right. Therefore it often becomes a difficult decision for the healthcare staff as codes of ethics and codes of professional conduct published by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia suggest the importance of ethics in m aintaining dignity and autonomy of a person (Murphy, 2016). On the other hand, acceptance of euthanasia may lead the healthcare professional into legal complication as euthanasia is not legalized by Australia. The theory of deontology that revolves around providing patients the best care to make them relive from pain and develop the quality of life cannot always be accepted. A patient suffering terribly with a disease often loses expectation from life, loses individuality, and lives on assistance of others, unable to move freely and others (Gammondi et al., 2014). Autonomy of a person involves his right to choose his interventions and his right to choose a good death. Often in most of cases, it has been noted end of life care or palliative care fails revive back better quality life of the patients and as a result depression, loneliness and feeling of hopelessness engulfs (Parmar, Rathod Parikh, 2016). Besides, often aggressive medical care and even palliative care results in huge loss of resources which do not guarantee better quality life. Therefore, supporting an individuals wishes in her healthcare should be the primary aim of a healthcare staff. Overcoming a persons dignity and autonomy to save a patients life with care that is not wanted, will in turn be not fruitful. A care where patients satisfaction is not met should be considered unethical and will be rejected. Hence legalization of euthanasia should be accepted. References: Gamondi, C., Borasio, G. D., Limoni, C., Preston, N., Payne, S. (2014). Legalisation of assisted suicide: a safeguard to euthanasia.Lancet,384(127), 61154-5. Murphy, S. T. (2016). Supreme Court of Canada Orders Legalization of Physician Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) 2015 SCC 5. Parmar, P., Rathod, S., Parikh, A. (2016). Perceptions of patients towards euthanasiaA medico-legal perspective.Age (Years),20(12), 21-30. Subba, S. H., Khullar, V., Latafat, Y., Chawla, K., Nirmal, A., Chaudhary, T. (2016). Doctors Attitude Towards Euthanasia: A Cross-sectional Study.Journal of The Association of Physicians of India,64, 44.

Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas Essay Example For Students

Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas Essay Dylan Thomas further explores the depiction of society in the people of Llareggub through Captain Cat, the very controversial central character of Under Milk Wood. Cats can allegedly see in the dark and thus Captain Cat, though blind, serves (along with the First Voice and Second Voice) as a narrator whereby the audience, too, is able to see a different world as Captain Cat sees it. Captain Cat is an elderly sea captain who towards the end of the play confesses that he has never, in fact, been a sailor: Ill tell you no lies. /The only sea I saw/Was the seesaw sea/With you riding on it. We will write a custom essay on Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (p. 16) This extremely unexpected admission, although it comes as a surprise to the audience, is not an exceptionally shocking or appalling one. The audience does, of course, feel pity towards Captain Cat. However, we may also feel compassion towards the character and identify with his situation. This is because many of us have probably already lied about some part of our lives or ourselves and perhaps even, as a result of keeping that lie over a longer period of time, after a while been unable to separate the truth from the untruth, thus perhaps believing the lie to be real. Therefore, Dylan Thomas may be condemning this very human part of us, as the memory of what is true appears in Under Milk Wood to destroy Captain Cat. In the midst of gossip, Fourth Woman, a relatively unimportant character with few lines states: Theres a nasty lot live here when you come to think. (p. 11) Although this line is delivered in a sort of offhand way, the meaning of the line itself may reveal much about the implication of Under Milk Wood and Dylan Thomas intentionsi. One may be of the opinion that by this line Dylan Thomas meant to make the audience consider the storys various characters and their flaws. After all, despite their sins, Thomas characters are evidently quite alike (in at least some way) to most individuals of the audience. Although Thomas is, therefore, critical of our faults, he does not wish to attack them. Thomas appears to be of the opinion that one should be forgiven for ones faults and thus accepted and loved for them, as is the case with Polly Garter, whom we find ourselves considering with a degree of pity, tenderness and affection. In conclusion, the play Under Milk Wood may, indeed, be considered an indictment of society. However, one must consider that, although Dylan Thomas criticizes his characters throughout, the play as a whole recognizes that it is important to forgive one of ones flaws. The audience may therefore be inclined to believe that Under Milk Wood is simply a depiction of reality and thus displays the flaws and wonders of Llareggubs townspeople; both of which are celebrated by the play overall. Word Count: 1,129 Bibliography Footnotes: i a concept further explored Jonathen Hamels and Danny O Snows commentary of Under Milk Wood on www. arch. org/milkwood. htm Books: Thomas, Dylan (1991) Under Milk Wood, J. M. Dent Sons Ltd Websites: http://www. arch. org/milkwood. htm 25/10/2003 Â  http://jade. ccccd. edu/grooms/geirn1/htm 25/10/2003 Samantha Sutherland Under Milk Wood Dylan Thomas A1 English HL.